Ambient fabrication of perovskite solar cells through delay-deposition technique

Abstract The establishment of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in terms their power-conversion efficiency (PCE) over silicon-based is undeniable. state-of-art easy device fabrications PSCs has enabled them to rapidly gain a place third-generation photovoltaic technology. Numerous obstacles remain be addressed and stability. Low performance owing easily degraded surface deterioration film quality resulting from humidity are issues that often arise. This work explored new approach producing high-quality films prepared under high relative (RH = 40%–50%). In particular, the ubiquitous 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBp) was introduced into lead iodide (PbI 2 ) precursor as an additive, were fabricated using two-step deposition method followed by delay-deposition technique methylammonium (MAI). High crystallinity controlled nucleation MAI needed, this revealed significance time control ensure with large grain size, crystallography, wide coverage on substrate, precise evenly coupled molecules PbI films. Compared without delay, noticeable improvement PCE 3.2 8.3% achieved for sample 15 s delay. finding primarily due significant enhancement open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor device. strategy can effectively improve morphology films, well reduce recombination photogenerated carriers increase current density devices, thereby achieving improved performance.